A very common emollient that makes your skin feel nice and smooth. Comes from coconut oil and glycerin, it’s light-textured, clear, odorless and non-greasy. With over five years’ experience in beauty and health journalism, Florence has written for ELLE, Women’s Fitness, Sister Magazine, National Geographic Traveller and many more, with a strong sustainability angle thread through much of her work. Tocopheryl Acetate is AKA Vitamin E. It is an antioxidant and protects your skin from free radicals. Free radicals damage the skin by breaking down collagen. Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil helps moisturize the skin. This in turn helps the skin look more rejuvenated and smoother. Experts recommend 'ramping up' retinol use: start using this ingredient once a week and work up to using it daily.

Squalane comes from squalene, which occurs naturally within the sebum of our skin. It is one of the oils our skin produces to keep itself hydrated. Squalane is the hydrogenated version of squalene and has a longer shelf life. Whichever retinoid serum you choose, start with a low dose of around 0.2% and increase the strength slowly, as side effects like tingling and flakiness are common.Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil is the oil derived from the seeds of a Sunflower. Sunflower seed oil is non-fragrant. It is an emollient, meaning it helps to soften the skin. in 1 oil for cuticles, nail plates and hands. Nourishes the skin, softens the cuticles and reinforces the nail plate. An emollient and natural moisturizer that can be found also in the sebum (oily stuff our skin produces). It leaves a nice non-greasy, non-heavy feeling on the skin. As we wrote in our lengthy retinol description the problem is that the conversion is not terriblyeffective. The evidence that RP is still an effective anti-aging ingredient is not very strong, in fact, it's weak. Dr. Leslie Baumann in her fantastic Cosmetic Dermatologybook writes that RP is topically ineffective.

It’s a real oldie: expressed directly from the seeds, the oil is used not for hundreds but thousands of years. According to The National Sunflower Association, there is evidencethat both the plant and its oil were used by American Indians in the area of Arizona and New Mexico about 3000 BC. Do the math: it's more than 5000 years – definitely an oldie. Whatever your chosen dose, retinoids can make your skin more sensitive to harmful UV rays, so always use a suncream with SPF 30 or higher during the day. Should you moisturise after retinol? Though not as powerful as other serums on our list, if you’re dipping your toe into retinoids, this retinyl ester formula makes an affordable starter choice. Our testers loved how spreadable it was – thanks to moisturising squalane – and said it left their skin feeling instantly softer. By steps, we mean metabolic steps. Tretinoin, aka retinoic acid,is the active ingredient our skin cells can understand and retinyl palmitate (RP) has to be converted by our metabolic machinery to actually do something. The conversion is a 3 step one and looks like this:

It's the acronym for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene. It's a commonsynthetic antioxidant that's used as a preservative.There is some controversy around BHT. It's a common little helper ingredient that helps water and oil to mix together. Also, it can help to increase the solubility of some other ingredients in the formula. what‑it‑does

A generally accepted ballpark number is that retinol is 10-to-20 times less potent than retinoic acid In general, it's a fantastic ingredient. It does a great job at hydrating the skin, and it's suitable for those with sensitive skin. Vitamin A - the most proven anti-aging ingredient available OTC that can smooth wrinkles and make skin firmer. It might also be useful for acne-prone skin as it normalizes keratinization.It might also be helpful for acne prone skin as it normalizes keratinization and makes the pores produce less sebum

Though not our most shining anti-ageing star, almost all testers agreed that this stronger serum had brightened and hydrated their skin after eight weeks of use. Infused with antioxidant vitamin E, it spread easily and left a soft, well-nourished feel, but some found it a touch too greasy.

As an antioxidant, retinyl palmitate helps neutralize free-radical molecules. These molecules have the potential to damage skin cells. Thus, antioxidants may help with anti-aging. Salicylic Acid - Purifying Exfoliator Face Serum (30ml) 2% Salicylic Acid - Purifying Exfoliator Face Serum (30ml) Budite prvi koji će napisati recenziju za „SKINCYCLOPEDIA – 1% RETINOL + SKVALAN serum 30ml“ Odustani od odgovora These fatty acids help the skin create ceramides. Ceramides play a role in repairing the skin barrier. Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is an emollient, solvent, and texture enhancer. It is considered a skin-softener by helping the skin prevent moisture loss.