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Wang, Y., Liu, X. J., Chen, J. B., Cao, J. P., Li, X., Sun, C. D. (2022). Citrus flavonoids and their antioxidant evaluation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62, 3833–3854. doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1870035 Kwon, M. C., Kim, Y. X., Lee, S., Jung, E. S., Singh, D., Sung, J., et al. (2019). Comparative metabolomics unravel the effect of magnesium oversupply on tomato fruit quality and associated plant metabolism. Metabolites 9. doi:10.3390/metabo9100231 AnyDesk - A remote desktop support application that ensures secure and reliable remote desktop connections for our customer support where you may need it. Please note: You will need to generate and provide an ID for our customer support team to make a connection; this application does not allow us to connect without your consent.

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Mass spectrometry-oriented metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool for biological research, enabling the systematic identification and quantification of metabolites ( Alseekh etal., 2021). In this study, a widely targeted metabolomic approach combined with transcriptome data was used to explore flavonoid accumulation and its underlying molecular regulation in SOPs under magnesium stress. Although previous studies had explored the flavonoid pathway in citrus, the number of flavonoid components identified remained limited ( Yu etal., 2015; Wang etal., 2019; Yu etal., 2022). In our study, we identified 740 flavonoid components in SOPs, representing a significant supplement to the previous work. These flavonoids were classified into eight categories, with flavones (54.32%) being the most abundant class, followed by flavonols and flavanones ( Figure4A). These results indicated that they are the main flavonoid classes in SOPs and this was consistent with previous research ( Wang etal., 2019). Flavonoid carbonosides, or flavonoid glycosides, which are stable forms of flavonoids with sugar groups bound to an aglycone carbon, were also identified in high numbers (277) in SOPs. These compounds are important phytochemicals in the human diet and have been reported as active components of traditional Chinese medicines with various medicinal properties ( Shen etal., 2022), including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities ( Matsia etal., 2022; Wang etal., 2022). The content of Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside and Chrysoeriol-7-O-(6’’-feruloyl) glucoside were found to be higher in MD compared to MS during all three stages. In addition, the combined content of all flavonoid carbonosides in MD was also greater than that of MS, which correlated with the overall trend in total flavonoid content ( Figure2C). SOPs under magnesium stress showed higher contents of flavonoid carbonosides, suggesting their potential for functional food production and as a source of bioactive compounds for medication. Furthermore, SOPs also showed higher levels of flavanols, with (-)-Epicatechin-(4β->8)-(-)-epigallocatechin as the predominant component. This suggests that mandarin orange peels under magnesium stress may be a potential source for natural functional beverages and oral liquids. Lepiniec, L., Debeaujon, I., Routaboul, J. M., Baudry, A., Pourcel, L., Nesi, N., et al. (2006). Genetics and biochemistry of seed flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 405–430. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105252 Alseekh, S., Aharoni, A., Brotman, Y., Contrepois, K., D’auria, J., Ewald, J., et al. (2021). Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: a guide for annotation, quantification and best reporting practices. Nat. Methods 18, 747–756. doi:10.1038/s41592-021-01197-1Project and experiment design, ZW and BX. Experiment execution, QL, JY, ZL, XXY, and XYY. Data analysis, QL, YL, LL, XW, HD, and MZ. Writing, BX and QL. Review, BX and ZW. Project management, BX, GS, and ZW. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding Owens, D. K., Alerding, A. B., Crosby, K. C., Bandara, A. B., Westwood, J. H., Winkel, B. S. (2008). Functional analysis of a predicted flavonol synthase gene family in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 147, 1046–1061. doi:10.1104/pp.108.117457

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Ferrer, J. L., Austin, M. B., Stewart, C., Jr., Noel, J. P. (2008). Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 46, 356–370. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.009 Nair, S. A., Kurup, S. R. R., Nair, A. S., Baby, S. (2018). Citrus peels prevent cancer. Phytomedicine 50, 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.011 Hu, H., Fei, X., He, B., Luo, Y., Qi, Y., Wei, A. (2021). Integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data for uncovering flavonoid components of zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. leaves under drought stress. Front. Nutr. 8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.801244 Howarth, C. J., Ougham, H. J. (1993). Gene expression under temperature stress. New Phytol. 125, 1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03862.x

Conflict of interest

Zhao, C. N., Liu, X. J., Gong, Q., Cao, J. P., Shen, W. X., Yin, X. R., et al. (2021). Three AP2/ERF family members modulate flavonoid synthesis by regulating type IV chalcone isomerase in citrus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 671–688. doi:10.1111/pbi.13494