Li-Yun C, Wen H, Jian-Feng H and Jian-Peng W (2008). "Influence of deposition voltage on properties of lead sulfide thin film". American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 87(6): 9101–9104 What are the roots of the word “alcohol”, and do its origins have anything to do with a “body-eating spirit”? Sergew Hable Selassie, Ancient and medieval Ethiopian history to 1270, (Printed by United Printers: 1972), p.26.

International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009. p.62. Starting the new year with a desire for creative and engaging talks, we looked at the original meanings of two common terms referring to drinks: alcohol and spirits. Here are some curiosities you might find interesting to reveal the roots of our modern language. Al-kohl, al-kuhul… and Alcohol Not in the traditional sense, but it is a good idea to replace any pencil eyeliner after about a year of use, or sooner if you have any kind of eye infection. Kohl has been worn traditionally since the Naqada III era (c. 3100 BCE) by Egyptians of all social classes, originally as protection against eye ailments. [4] [5] There was also a belief that darkening around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun. [6] Ancient Egyptian women wearing kohl, from a tomb mural in Thebes (1420–1375 BCE)

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One of the queens of ancient Egypt, where Kohl was popular, used to have a grounded Frankincense as a Kohl. In modern times, various chemicals are used to make eye liners and mascara products ,which are also a form of Kohl. Narrated by Ibn Abbaas, May Allah be pleased with them: Said the Prophet of Allah صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( Indeed the best of your Kohls is the Ithmid… (it) Yajlu (enhances) vision and Yunbit (Grows, tames etc) hair). In this context anything made of any kind of substance can act as a Kohl, Kajal, Surma or Indha-Kuul.

Eye cosmetics such as surma are recognized as one of the important sources of lead exposure in Pakistan. As adverse health effects of heavy metals are a public health concern, where especially lead may cause negative health impacts to human fetal and infantile development, a study in Pakistan of pregnant women's nails in 2016, showed 13 nail samples out of 84 analyzed, contained lead concentration exceeding the (13.6 μg/g) found in a fatal case of lead poisoning. Not the possibility of an external contamination. The observations showed that lead-containing surma consists of fine particle of galena (ore of lead sulfide) in respirable dust range (less than 10 μm) and relative in vitro bioavailability of lead in the surma was determined as 5.2%. Thus, lead-containing surma consists of inhalable and bioavailable particles, and it contributes an increased risk of lead exposure. [31] Since the word Kohl refers to , in Arabic, anything applied on the eyes and/or its related hair, it is incorrect to say that Kohl is a Sunnah. Rather, applying Ithmid Kohl , to the exclusion of other types of Kohl, is a Sunnah. b) Non-emphasized sunnas that are of additional blessing (sunan al-zawa’id), the leaving of which does not entail wrongdoing and is not disliked. Uragoda, C. G. (1987). A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the earliest times to 1948. Sri Lanka Medical Association. p.8 . Retrieved 22 June 2019.

Abdullah Ibn Abbas (radhi Allahu anhu) narrated that the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: "Wear your white garments, for they are among your best garments, and shroud your dead in them. Among the best types of collyrium you use is antimony (ithmid): it clears the vision and makes the hair [eyelashes] sprout." [sunan Abi Dawood Book 28, Hadith 3869] Classed as Sahih by Al Albani. Using Ithmid (antimony) kohl makes the white parts of the eyes more whiter and clearer, and the coloured part ( Iris) more colourful and also clearer. Now, if you do not have the ingredients for the Arab Kohl, then do not worry. There are other ingredients you can use to make Arab Kohl. Eastern women, especially in the Arab world, led in the past a secluded life thus giving them much time to titivate their looks. They considered their toilet the most urgent of their occupations. Nowhere in the world did women pay greater attention to their cleanliness and beautification. Without doubt, the long dark languish of eyes stained with kohl was one of their top priorities. To have languorous eyes was the ambition of every woman.