The Roman Empire the Empire of the Edomite

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Eshel, Hanan, and Boaz Zissu. 2006. Two Notes on the History and Archaeology of Judea in the Persian Period. In "I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times": Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. Edited by Aren M. Maeir and Pierre De Miroschedji. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, vol. II, pp. 828–31. [ Google Scholar] These were the sons of Esau’s wife Oholibamah: chief Jeush, chief Jalam, chief Korah. These were the chiefs descended from Esau’s wife Oholibamah, the daughter of Anah. Rollston, Christopher A. 2005. Navigating the Epigraphic Storm: A Palaeographer Reflects on Inscriptions from the Market. Near Eastern Archaeology 68: 69–72. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Marciak, Michał. 2018b. Idumea and Idumeans in the Light of the Pseudoepigrapha. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 27: 163–203. [ Google Scholar] Peterson, Eugene H. The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2005. Print. The NET Bible

Anah – discovered the “hot springs” in the desert while grazing his father’s donkeys. Anah’s children include: Fantalkin, Alexander, and Oren Tal. 2012. Judah and Its Neighbors in the Fourth Century BCE: A Time of Major Transformations. In From Judah to Judaea: Socio-Economic Structures and Processes in the Persian Period. Edited by Johannes Unsok Ro. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, pp. 133–96. [ Google Scholar] Arnon, Noam. 2009. The Building of Ma’arat Ha-Machpela—The ‘Jewish Mausoleum’: Its Plan, Origins and Significance. Judea and Samaria Research Studies 18: 125–38, (In Hebrew with English abstract). [ Google Scholar] Demsky, Aaron. 1994. Who Came First, Ezra or Nehemiah? The Synchronistic Approach. Hebrew Union College Annual 65: 1–19. [ Google Scholar] These were the chiefs of the Horites: chief Lotan, chief Shobal, chief Zibeon, chief Anah, 36:30 chief Dishon, chief Ezer, chief Dishan. These were the chiefs of the Horites, according to their chief lists in the land of Seir.

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And these are the chieftains from the line of Esau, clan by clan, region by region: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, Magdiel, and Iram—the chieftains of Edom as they occupied their various regions.

Horowitz, Gabriel. 1980. Town Planning of Hellenistic Marisa: A Reappraisal of the Excavations after Eighty Years. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 112: 93–111. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Naveh, Joseph. 1985. Published and Unpublished Aramaic Ostraca”. Atiqot 17: 114–25. [ Google Scholar] Adah bore Eliphaz to Esau, Basemath bore Reuel, 36:5 and Oholibamah bore Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. These were the sons of Esau who were born to him in the land of Canaan. Sources: NIV, The Message, The NET Bible, King James Version, NET Bible Notes, Faithlife Study Bible, The Apologetics Study Bible, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Jamieson, Fausset, Brown Commentary, The Bible Reader’s Companion, Matthew Henry’s Commentary, Holman Concise Bible Commentary, The Bible Exposition Commentary, The Teacher’s Bible Commentary, The Teacher’s Commentary, The Bible Guide, Word Studies in the New Testament, Holman Bible Handbook, Calvin Commentaries, Wiersbe’s Expository Outlines, The New Manner and Customs of the Bible, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, The Lexham Bible Dictionary, Easton’s Bible Dictionary, Harper’s Bible Dictionary, Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible, The Archaeological Encyclopedia, Biblical Archeology Review, The New Bible Dictionary, The Lexham Analytical Lexicon, Glossary of Morpho-Syntactic Database Oded, Bustenay. 1971. Egyptian References to the Edomite Deity Qaus. Andrews University Seminary Studies 9: 47–50. [ Google Scholar] Porten, Bezalel, and Ada Yardeni. 2009. Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca: Six Commodity Dossiers Dating to the Transition Years from Artaxerxes II to Artaxerxes III. Eretz-Israel 29: 144*–83*. [ Google Scholar]

Kanaz – name means “hunting”, an Edomite chief, possibly the ancestor of the Kenezites, Pseudo-Philo says he was the first judge of Israel after Joshua. Amzallag, Nissim. 2009. Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy? Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 33: 387–404. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Esau’s son Eliphaz also had a concubine named Timna, who bore him Amalek. These were grandsons of Esau’s wife Adah.Erlich, Adi. 2014. Double Face, Multiple Meanings: The Hellenistic Pillar Figurines from Maresha. In Figuring Out the Figurines of the Ancient Near East: Occasional Papers in Coroplastic Sudies 1. Edited by Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper. Lexington: Association for Coroplastic Studies, pp. 27–38. [ Google Scholar] Lucy, Sam. 2005. Ethnic and Cultural Identities. In The Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion. Edited by Margarita Díaz-Andreu, Sam Lucy, Stasa Babić and David N. Edwards. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 86–109. [ Google Scholar] Millard, Alan R. 1992. Assyrian Involvement in Edom. In Early Edom and Moab; The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan. Edited by Piotr Bienkowski. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications, pp. 35–39. [ Google Scholar]

Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, 21 Dishon, Ezer and Dishan. These sons of Seir in Edom were Horite chiefs. Gera, Dov. 2014. Olympiodoros, Heliodoros and the Temples of Koilê Syria and Phoinikê. In The Excavations of Maresha Subterranean Complex 57: The “Heliodorus” Cave. BAR International Series 2652. Edited by Ian Stern. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 109–31. [ Google Scholar] Vaughn, Andrew G. 2005. Fakes, Forgeries and Biblical Scholarship: The Antiquities Market, Sensationalized Textual Data, and Modern Forgeries. Near Eastern Archaeology 68: 61–68. [ Google Scholar]Zadok, Ran. 1988. A Prosopography of Samaria and Edom/Idumea. Ugarit-Forschungen 30: 785–822. [ Google Scholar] Dorsey, David A. 1980. The Location of Biblical Makkedah. Tel Aviv 7: 185–93. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]