Echenberg M (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2232-9. Bennett JM, Hollister CW (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072955156. Yersin A (1894). "La peste bubonique a Hong-Kong". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur: Journal de microbiologie. 8 (9): 662–67. ISSN 0020-2444. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 . Retrieved 12 April 2020– via Gallica. The authors wrote in the study that their work highlights "how a substantial community can be erased from history."

Plague – Madagascar". World Health Organisation. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 . Retrieved 26 November 2014. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (24 September 2015). "FAQ: Plague". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 . Retrieved 24 April 2017. They know that the bacillus travels from person to person through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe, but they were particularly at home aboard ships of all kinds—which is how the deadly plague made its way through one European port city after another. Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995. [175] Another outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014. [176] In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands. [177] The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive.Tignor A, Brown E, Liu P, Shaw R, Jeremy P, Benjamin X, Holly B (2014). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume 1: Beginnings to the 15th Century. New York, London: W.W Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-92208-0. Rasmussen S, Allentoft ME, Nielsen K, Orlando L, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, etal. (October 2015). "Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago". Cell. 163 (3): 571–582. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009. PMC 4644222. PMID 26496604.

Issawi CP (1988). The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: a documentary economic history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504951-0. The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. and Avignon, where 50 percent of the population dies.Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-658-2.

Historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s. [82] However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa. [107]Wexler, Alexandra; Antoy, Amir (16 November 2017). "Madagascar Wrestles With Worst Outbreak of Plague in Half a Century". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017. Padma, T.V. (23 March 2007). "Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists". SciDev.net. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Ravilious, Kate (27 February 2006). "Europe's chill linked to disease". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 28 February 2006. Kohn GC (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p.31. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 16 October 2015.