travel: in many areas of Hawaiʻi, it is easier to travel up- and downstream than from stream valley to stream valley. Linnekin, Jocelyn (1990). Sacred Queens and Women of Consequence: Rank, Gender, and Colonialism in the Hawaiian Islands. University of Michigan Press. pp.97–. ISBN 0-472-06423-1.

a b Pearce, Charles E.M.; Pearce, F. M. (June 17, 2010). Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Springer Science & Business Media. p.167. ISBN 978-90-481-3826-5. Murray, Stephen O. (June 1, 2002). Homosexualities. University of Chicago Press. pp.99–. ISBN 978-0-226-55195-1. Sugar became a major export from Hawaii soon after Cook's arrival. [116] The first permanent plantation began in Kauai in 1835. William Hooper leased 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began growing sugarcane. Within thirty years plantations operated on the four main islands. Sugar completely altered Hawaii's economy. [117] Thomas A. Bailey, "Japan's Protest Against the Annexation of Hawaii," Journal of Modern History 3#1 (1931): 46-61. https://doi.org/10.1086/235690.Akana, Alan Robert (March 18, 2014). The Volcano Is Our Home. Balboa Press. pp.68–. ISBN 978-1-4525-8753-0. Joesting, Edward (February 1, 1988). Kauai: The Separate Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp.97–. ISBN 978-0-8248-1162-4. Lucas, Paul Nahoa (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. University of Hawaii Press. pp.57–. ISBN 978-0-8248-1636-0. a b "In the beginning". Hawaiihistory.org. Info Grafik Inc. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 20, 2014. Captain James Cook was the first European visitor to the islands, arriving in 1778. At that time, each island was a separate kingdom. With the support of Western advisors and weapons, Kamehameha I of the island of Hawaii conquered all the islands except Kauai, which acquiesced to his rule in 1810.

Schmitt, Robert C. "Religious statistics of Hawaii, 1825-1972." Hawaiian Journal of History (1973), Vol. 7, pp 41–47.

Latest Pandemic Developments in Hawaii

Ortner, Sherry B. (1997). Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Beacon Press. pp.163–. ISBN 978-0-8070-4633-3. American influence in Hawaiian government began with U.S. plantation owners demanding a say in Kingdom politics. This was driven by missionary religion and sugar economics. Pressure from these plantation owners was felt by the King and chiefs as demands for land tenure. After the brief 1843 takeover by the British, Kamehameha III responded to the demands with the Great Mahele, distributing the lands to all Hawaiians as advocated by missionaries including Gerrit P. Judd. [118] Kamehameha III also tried to modernize Hawaii's legal system by replacing indigenous traditions with Anglo-American common law. [119] Silva, Noenoe K. (September 7, 2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Duke University Press. p.126. ISBN 0-8223-3349-X. Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (November 5, 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp.315–. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4. Siler, Julia Flynn. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure (2012).

Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani, Ka Nupepa Kuokoa (Newspaper). SEPTEMBER 23, 1865. "Ka Moolelo O Hawaii Nei". Kuykendall, Ralph (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3. University of Hawaii Press. pp.533 & 587–588. ISBN 0-87022-433-6. From Kuykendall, p. 587-588: "W.D. Alexander ( History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893, p. 37) gives the following as the wording of Thurston's motion [to launch the coup]: 'That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States.' Thurston later wrote that his motion was 'substantially as follows: "I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States."'( Memoirs, p. 250) Lt. Lucien Young ( The Boston at Hawaii, p. 175) gives the following version of the motion: 'Resolved, That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs, the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States.'" Nordhoff, Charles (1874). Nordhoff's West Coast: California, Oregon, and Hawaii. Routledge. pp.1–. ISBN 978-0-7103-0257-1. Mak, James. "Creating 'Paradise of the Pacific': How Tourism Began in Hawaii." (No. 2015-1. 2015) online. 82pp A former U.S. Navy bombing range, which remains uninhabited. Cleanup efforts to rehabilitate the island are continuing.Kamehiro, Stacy L. (2009). The Arts of Kingship: Hawaiian Art and National Culture of the Kalākaua Era. University of Hawaii Press. pp.120–. ISBN 978-0-8248-3263-6. a b c Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani (1992). Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (PDF). Kamehameha Schools Press. p.1. ISBN 978-0-87336-015-9. That now means domestic travelers to Hawaii will no longer need to fill out online forms via Safe Travels, no longer have to worry about QR codes, no longer have to provide proof of vaccination, and ultimately, there won't be any additional requirements or restrictions to fly to Hawaii on a domestic flight.

In 1954 a series of non-violent industry-wide strikes, protests and other civil disobedience transpired. In the territorial elections of 1954 the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, replaced by the Democratic Party of Hawaii. Democrats lobbied for statehood and held the governorship from 1962 to 2002. The events also unionized the labor force, hastening the plantations' decline. After unifying the island of Hawaii, 'Umi was faithful to those who had supported him, and allowed his three most faithful companions, and the two Kahuna who had aided him, to help him govern. [39] Aikāne [ edit ] As these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu. [165] United States military support [ edit ] USS Boston Liu, William Ming; Iwamoto, Derek Kenji; Chae, Mark H. (January 19, 2011). Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men. Routledge. p.133. ISBN 978-1-135-96833-5.Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (January 9, 2012). The American Promise, Combined Volume: A History of the United States. Bedford/St. Martin's. p.660. ISBN 978-0-312-66312-4. Fornander, Abraham (1880). Stokes, John F. G. (ed.). An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Vol.2. London: Trübner & Company. p.136. Almost always called the Big Island to avoid confusion, it's the largest of the islands and home to Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa (the largest and one of the most active volcanoes on Earth), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, coffee and macadamia nut plantations, working ranches, and even green sand beaches. Kailua-Kona is the busiest part of the island on the dry, leeward side, and near the mega-resort Kohala Coast area with nearly zero annual precipitation. The saddle road (quite drivable and a must see – despite what rental car companies say) passes between the massive volcanoes and connects Kohala with Hilo, the largest town on the Big Island and county seat with annual precipitation of more than 300in (7,600mm) per year. Unlike anywhere else on Earth and definitely worth a look. Calhoun, Charles W. (September 11, 2006). The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp.316–. ISBN 978-0-7425-8168-5. The reef triggerfish ( Rhinecanthus rectangulus), the state fish of Hawaii, is known in the Hawaiian language as the humu­humu­nuku­nuku­āpuaʻa, which means "triggerfish with a snout like a pig". It is not the longest Hawaiian fish name, as is often thought; that distinction instead goes to the lau­wili­wili­nuku­nukuʻoiʻoi ("long-snouted fish shaped like a wiliwili leaf"), the forceps butterflyfish ( Forcipiger longirostris).